Evaluación de la inoculación de Aspergillus niger como hongo solubilizador de fósforo en tres concentraciones y momentos diferentes del ciclo fenológico del cultivo de fréjol (Phaseolus vulgaris), variedad I-481 Rojo del valle
Loading...
Date
2023
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
PUCE - Ibarra
Abstract
Las deficiencias de fósforo en los cultivos agrícolas comúnmente son suplidas por los agricultores mediante aplicaciones de fertilizantes fosforados de síntesis química. Sin embargo, estas prácticas afectan significativamente el medio ambiente y la salud del suelo cuando se emplean de forma inadecuada o en cantidades excesivas. Ante esto, el uso de biofertilizantes a base de microorganismos solubilizadores de fósforo, constituyen una alternativa sostenible, al aumentar la disponibilidad de este nutriente al solubilizar grandes reservas de fósforo insoluble que se encuentran en muchos suelos, resultado de la fijación de gran parte de los fertilizantes aplicados, los cuales al no ser asimilados correctamente por los cultivos se ven afectados distintos procesos en el desarrollo y la producción. En la presente investigación se llevó a cabo el experimento tanto en laboratorio como en invernadero. En laboratorio se realizó la reactivación de la cepa fúngica de Aspergillus niger P., como hongo solubilizador de fósforo, se evaluó cualitativamente la capacidad de solubilización de esta cepa por la presencia de halos translúcidos en el medio de cultivo pikovskaya modificado, y se preparó el inóculo fúngico en tres concentraciones distintas, mismas que fueron probadas en tres momentos diferentes (en la siembra, 15 días después de la siembra y previo a la floración) del ciclo fenológico del cultivo de frejol de la variedad I -481 Rojo del valle, el cual fue establecido en invernadero. Después de 100 días de cultivo, se analizó algunas variables agronómicas como rendimiento, número de vainas por planta, números de granos por vaina y longitud de la raíz, además se cuantificó el fósforo disponible del suelo de cada uno de los tratamientos. Al analizar los datos, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (P≤0,05) para las variables de rendimiento, número de vainas, y longitud de la raíz. Los resultados mostraron que en el cultivo de fréjol, la fertilización química fue el mejor tratamiento con el cual se obtuvo un rendimiento de 1003 kg/ha, mientras que la inoculación del hongo Aspergillus niger P., causó efectos positivos especialmente cuando fueron inoculados previo a la floración a una concentración de 1x109 UFC/ml, con lo cual se obtuvo un rendimiento de 992,59 kg/ha, mismo que se le atribuye al aumento de la disponibilidad de fósforo en la rizósfera lo cual se evidenció mediante los análisis de suelo.
Phosphorus deficiencies in agricultural crops are commonly supplied by farmers through applications of chemically synthesized phosphorus fertilizers. However, these practices significantly affect the environment and soil health when used improperly or in excessive amounts. Given this, the use of biofertilizers based on phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms constitutes a sustainable alternative, by increasing the availability of this nutrient by solubilizing large reserves of insoluble phosphorus found in many soils, the result of the fixation of a large part of the applied fertilizers, which, by not being correctly assimilated by the crops, different processes in development and production are affected. In the present investigation, the experiment was carried out both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. In the laboratory, the reactivation of the fungal strain of Aspergillus niger P. was carried out, as a phosphorus solubilizing fungus, the solubilization capacity of this strain was qualitatively evaluated by the presence of translucent halos in the modified pikovskaya culture medium, and the fungal inoculum in three different concentrations, which were tested at three different moments (at sowing, 15 days after sowing and prior to flowering) of the phenological cycle of the bean crop of the variety I -481 Rojo del valle, el which was established in greenhouse. After 100 days of cultivation, some agronomic variables such as yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and root length were analyzed, and the available phosphorus from the soil of each of the treatments was quantified. When analyzing the data, significant differences were found between the treatments (P≤0.05) for the variables of yield, number of pods, and root length. The results showed that in the bean crop, chemical fertilization was the best treatment with which a yield of 1003 kg/ha was obtained, while the inoculation of the Aspergillus niger P. fungus caused positive effects, especially when they were inoculated prior to flowering at a concentration of 1x109 CFU/ml, with which a yield of 992.59 kg/ha was obtained, which is attributed to the increase in the availability of phosphorus in the rhizosphere, which was evidenced by soil analysis.
Phosphorus deficiencies in agricultural crops are commonly supplied by farmers through applications of chemically synthesized phosphorus fertilizers. However, these practices significantly affect the environment and soil health when used improperly or in excessive amounts. Given this, the use of biofertilizers based on phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms constitutes a sustainable alternative, by increasing the availability of this nutrient by solubilizing large reserves of insoluble phosphorus found in many soils, the result of the fixation of a large part of the applied fertilizers, which, by not being correctly assimilated by the crops, different processes in development and production are affected. In the present investigation, the experiment was carried out both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. In the laboratory, the reactivation of the fungal strain of Aspergillus niger P. was carried out, as a phosphorus solubilizing fungus, the solubilization capacity of this strain was qualitatively evaluated by the presence of translucent halos in the modified pikovskaya culture medium, and the fungal inoculum in three different concentrations, which were tested at three different moments (at sowing, 15 days after sowing and prior to flowering) of the phenological cycle of the bean crop of the variety I -481 Rojo del valle, el which was established in greenhouse. After 100 days of cultivation, some agronomic variables such as yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and root length were analyzed, and the available phosphorus from the soil of each of the treatments was quantified. When analyzing the data, significant differences were found between the treatments (P≤0.05) for the variables of yield, number of pods, and root length. The results showed that in the bean crop, chemical fertilization was the best treatment with which a yield of 1003 kg/ha was obtained, while the inoculation of the Aspergillus niger P. fungus caused positive effects, especially when they were inoculated prior to flowering at a concentration of 1x109 CFU/ml, with which a yield of 992.59 kg/ha was obtained, which is attributed to the increase in the availability of phosphorus in the rhizosphere, which was evidenced by soil analysis.
Description
Keywords
Microorganismos solubilizadores de fósforo, Aspergillus niger p, Inóculo fúngico, Biofertilizante