El derecho a la consulta libre previa e informada en los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonia ecuatoriana
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Date
2024
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Publisher
PUCE - Ibarra
Abstract
El modelo de Estado previsto en la Constitución de la República del Ecuador lo caracteriza como un estado intercultural y plurinacional con fundamento en la coexistencia de múltiples nacionalidades indígenas y culturas dentro de su territorio, debiendo garantizar sus derechos y el respeto a la diversidad cultural. El artículo 57 ejusdem reconoce como derecho colectivo de los pueblos y nacionalidades el derecho a la consulta previa, libre e informada, dentro de un plazo razonable, sobre planes y programas de prospección, explotación y comercialización de recursos no renovables que se encuentren en sus tierras y que puedan afectarles ambiental o culturalmente. Diversos casos judiciales se han instaurado en Ecuador con motivo de la violación del mismo. Uno de ellos es el caso emblemático de la comunidad A’I Cofán de Sinangoe – Sucumbíos, seleccionado como objeto de estudio de la presente investigación, cuyo objetivo general es analizar la efectividad y la aplicación práctica de la consulta libre, previa e informada en Ecuador mediante el estudio exhaustivo del mismo, con el propósito de comprender cómo este mecanismo protege los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en situaciones vinculadas a proyectos que afectan sus territorios ambientales y culturales e identificar tanto las fortalezas como las debilidades del mecanismo de la consulta, con el fin de proponer mejoras que aseguren una protección más efectiva de los derechos indígenas en el contexto ecuatoriano. El enfoque de investigación utilizado fue el cualitativo, desarrollado a través de los métodos antropo-juridico y hermenéutico y las técnicas de revisión documental y la entrevista. El principal resultado obtenido muestra cómo en la Sentencia 273-19-JP/22 la Corte Constitucional reafirma la importancia de este mecanismo de participación para la vida de la comunidad y el ejercicio efectivo de sus derechos.
The State model provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador characterizes it as an intercultural and plurinational state based on the coexistence of multiple indigenous nationalities and cultures within its territory, having to guarantee their rights and respect for cultural diversity. Article 57 ejusdem recognizes as a collective right of peoples and nationalities the right to prior, free and informed consultation, within a reasonable period, on plans and programs for prospecting, exploitation and commercialization of non renewable resources found on their lands. and that may affect them environmentally or culturally. Various judicial cases have been instituted in Ecuador due to its violation. One of them is the emblematic case of the A'I Cofán community of Sinangoe – Sucumbíos, selected as the object of study of this research, whose general objective is to analyze the effectiveness and practical application of free, prior and informed consultation in Ecuador. through an exhaustive study of it, with the purpose of understanding how this mechanism protects the rights of indigenous peoples in situations linked to projects that affect their environmental and cultural territories and identifying both the strengths and weaknesses of the consultation mechanism, with the in order to propose improvements that ensure more effective protection of indigenous rights in the Ecuadorian context. The research approach used was qualitative, developed through anthropolegal and hermeneutic methods and documentary review and interview techniques. The main result obtained shows how in Ruling 273-19-JP/22 the Constitutional Court reaffirms the importance of this participation mechanism for the life of the community and the effective exercise of its rights.
The State model provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador characterizes it as an intercultural and plurinational state based on the coexistence of multiple indigenous nationalities and cultures within its territory, having to guarantee their rights and respect for cultural diversity. Article 57 ejusdem recognizes as a collective right of peoples and nationalities the right to prior, free and informed consultation, within a reasonable period, on plans and programs for prospecting, exploitation and commercialization of non renewable resources found on their lands. and that may affect them environmentally or culturally. Various judicial cases have been instituted in Ecuador due to its violation. One of them is the emblematic case of the A'I Cofán community of Sinangoe – Sucumbíos, selected as the object of study of this research, whose general objective is to analyze the effectiveness and practical application of free, prior and informed consultation in Ecuador. through an exhaustive study of it, with the purpose of understanding how this mechanism protects the rights of indigenous peoples in situations linked to projects that affect their environmental and cultural territories and identifying both the strengths and weaknesses of the consultation mechanism, with the in order to propose improvements that ensure more effective protection of indigenous rights in the Ecuadorian context. The research approach used was qualitative, developed through anthropolegal and hermeneutic methods and documentary review and interview techniques. The main result obtained shows how in Ruling 273-19-JP/22 the Constitutional Court reaffirms the importance of this participation mechanism for the life of the community and the effective exercise of its rights.
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Keywords
Consulta libre, Previa e informada, Comunidad a’i cofán de sinangoe, Corte constitucional, Jurisprudencia