Violencia Obstétrica desde una perspectiva de género, interculturalidad y derechos humanos: Experiencia Hospital San Luis de Otavalo
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Date
2024
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PUCE - Ibarra
Abstract
El presente estudio analiza la violencia obstétrica desde una perspectiva intercultural en el Hospital San Luis de Otavalo. A pesar de que la Constitución del Ecuador garantiza el respeto a los saberes ancestrales, existen acciones por parte del personal del hospital que, para la cultura indígena de la ciudad de Otavalo, podrían manifestarse como violencia. El objetivo general de este trabajo es valorar las experiencias de violencia obstétrica en mujeres indígenas con un enfoque de género, interculturalidad y derechos humanos, utilizando diversas técnicas de recolección de datos en el hospital mencionado. El problema es determinar si existe violencia obstétrica desde una perspectiva de género, interculturalidad y derechos humanos en el Hospital San Luis de Otavalo. El enfoque utilizado es mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo) y el alcance exploratorio. El método utilizado fue el método etnográfico, utilizando técnicas documentales, entrevistas dirigidas al personal médico y encuestas a las mujeres que tuvieron su parto en la institución. Los resultados muestran que se han realizado esfuerzos significativos para que las mujeres indígenas se sientan cómodas, como la creación de una sala de partos, una casa materna, la aceptación de parteras para que acompañen a las parturientas y la creación de diferentes políticas públicas como el ESAMyN. Sin embargo, a pesar de estos avances, no se ha logrado erradicar por completo la violencia obstétrica. Como conclusiones, se ha observado una disminución considerable en la mortalidad materna y neonatal, pero persisten desafíos. La evaluación de estas experiencias revela una falta de respeto hacia la cosmovisión indígena y la folclorización de sus rituales de preparto, parto y posparto. Aunque el parto en libre posición es aceptado, otras prácticas culturales no son completamente respetadas. El marco normativo ha mejorado la atención del parto cultural, pero se necesitan desarrollar normativas que aseguren la protección de todos los derechos de los pueblos ancestrales.
The present study analyzes obstetric violence from an intercultural perspective at the San Luis de Otavalo Hospital. Although the Constitution of Ecuador guarantees respect for ancestral knowledge, there are actions by hospital staff that, for the indigenous culture of the city of Otavalo, could manifest as violence. The general objective of this work is to assess the experiences of obstetric violence in indigenous women with a focus on gender, interculturality and human rights, using various data collection techniques in the aforementioned hospital. The problem is to determine if obstetric violence exists from a gender, intercultural and human rights perspective at the San Luis de Otavalo Hospital. The approach used is mixed (quantitative and qualitative) and the scope is exploratory. The method used was the ethnographic method, using documentary techniques, interviews with medical personnel and surveys of women who gave birth at the institution. The results show that significant efforts have been made to make indigenous women feel comfortable, such as the creation of a delivery room, a maternity home, the acceptance of midwives to accompany parturients and the creation of different public policies such as ESAMyN. However, despite these advances, obstetric violence has not been completely eradicated. In conclusion, a considerable decrease in maternal and neonatal mortality has been observed, but challenges persist. The evaluation of these experiences reveals a lack of respect for the indigenous worldview and the folklorization of their prepartum, childbirth, and postpartum rituals. Although free-position birth is accepted, other cultural practices are not fully respected. The regulatory framework has improved cultural birth care, but regulations need to be developed to ensure the protection of all the rights of ancestral peoples.
The present study analyzes obstetric violence from an intercultural perspective at the San Luis de Otavalo Hospital. Although the Constitution of Ecuador guarantees respect for ancestral knowledge, there are actions by hospital staff that, for the indigenous culture of the city of Otavalo, could manifest as violence. The general objective of this work is to assess the experiences of obstetric violence in indigenous women with a focus on gender, interculturality and human rights, using various data collection techniques in the aforementioned hospital. The problem is to determine if obstetric violence exists from a gender, intercultural and human rights perspective at the San Luis de Otavalo Hospital. The approach used is mixed (quantitative and qualitative) and the scope is exploratory. The method used was the ethnographic method, using documentary techniques, interviews with medical personnel and surveys of women who gave birth at the institution. The results show that significant efforts have been made to make indigenous women feel comfortable, such as the creation of a delivery room, a maternity home, the acceptance of midwives to accompany parturients and the creation of different public policies such as ESAMyN. However, despite these advances, obstetric violence has not been completely eradicated. In conclusion, a considerable decrease in maternal and neonatal mortality has been observed, but challenges persist. The evaluation of these experiences reveals a lack of respect for the indigenous worldview and the folklorization of their prepartum, childbirth, and postpartum rituals. Although free-position birth is accepted, other cultural practices are not fully respected. The regulatory framework has improved cultural birth care, but regulations need to be developed to ensure the protection of all the rights of ancestral peoples.
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Keywords
Violencia obstétrica, Género, Interculturalidad, Derechos humanos