Análisis jurídico del error de prohibición como causal de inculpabilidad en la legislación ecuatoriana
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Date
2024
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Publisher
PUCE - Ibarra
Abstract
En Ecuador la institución jurídica del error de prohibición fue incorporada en la reforma del Código Orgánico Integral Penal en el año 2019, tiene su vinculación con la teoría del delito, radica en la seguridad jurídica. Por ende, cualquier análisis que cuestione la regulación normativa de una figura del sistema del hecho punible o teoría del delito es legítimo. Se explorarán los elementos y características del principio de culpabilidad, central en el sistema del hecho punible, con especial énfasis en el error de prohibición. Con esta legislación se crea la culpabilidad como requisito del conocimiento de la antijuridicidad de la conducta, es decir, la persona que cometa alguna infracción debe tener el pleno conocimiento de las normas jurídicas que prohíban dicho acto. De ser el caso que realice un acto ilícito bajo el desconocimiento de la norma, la dogmática penal expresa que esa persona estaría actuando bajo un error de prohibición, la misma cree que ese acto es lícito. Este error puede ser vencible e invencible y estos elementos tienen sus beneficios. Sin embargo, En los tribunales penales de la ciudad de Ibarra, es escasa la aplicación de este error de prohibición debido a la falta de conocimiento profundo y estratégico. En este sentido como objetivo general fue determinar la importancia de que los operadores de justicia conozcan adecuadamente el error de prohibición como eximente de culpabilidad, mediante el análisis normativo y doctrinario, con el fin de beneficiar tanto a las personas procesadas, como a la administración de justicia en los tribunales penales de la ciudad de Ibarra. Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo, centrado en su nivel de profundidad descriptivo, el método de investigación fue socio jurídico, inductivo y analítico y las técnicas que se aplicaron fueron la documental y la entrevista, con la cual se pudo recibir información directa de los profesionales con experiencia en el tema a investigar. Se logró concluir que esta institución jurídica es importante conocerla a fondo, analizarla desde la dogmática penal y doctrina y no sólo desde la normativa que nos brinda una definición muy sencilla. Si los profesionales tuvieran este conocimiento, se evitaría vulnerar derechos de justicia, legalidad e inocencia de la persona procesada y también ayudaría a su formulación, capacitación como profesionales.
In Ecuador the legal institution of the prohibition error was incorporated in the reform of the Organic Integral Penal Code in 2019, it has its link with the theory of crime of 2014, with this legislation guilt is created as a requirement of knowledge of the unlawfulness of the conduct, that is, the person who commits any offense must have full knowledge of the legal rules prohibiting such act. If it is the case that a person commits an unlawful act in ignorance of the law, criminal dogmatics expresses that such person would be acting under a prohibition error, he/she believes that such act is lawful. This error can be overcome and invincible and these elements have their benefits. However, in the criminal courts of the city of Ibarra, the application of this prohibition error is scarce due to the lack of deep and strategic knowledge. In this sense, the general objective was to determine the importance of justice operators to adequately know the prohibition error as an exoneration of guilt, through normative and doctrinal analysis, in order to benefit both the processed persons and the administration of justice in the criminal courts of the city of Ibarra. The research method was socio-legal, inductive and analytical, and the techniques applied were documentary and interview, with which it was possible to receive direct information from professionals with experience in the subject to be investigated. It was concluded that it is important to know this legal institution in depth, to analyze it from the point of view of criminal dogma and doctrine and not only from the normative that gives us a very simple definition. If professionals had this knowledge, it would avoid violating the rights of justice, legality and innocence of the person being prosecuted and would also help in their formulation and training as professionals.
In Ecuador the legal institution of the prohibition error was incorporated in the reform of the Organic Integral Penal Code in 2019, it has its link with the theory of crime of 2014, with this legislation guilt is created as a requirement of knowledge of the unlawfulness of the conduct, that is, the person who commits any offense must have full knowledge of the legal rules prohibiting such act. If it is the case that a person commits an unlawful act in ignorance of the law, criminal dogmatics expresses that such person would be acting under a prohibition error, he/she believes that such act is lawful. This error can be overcome and invincible and these elements have their benefits. However, in the criminal courts of the city of Ibarra, the application of this prohibition error is scarce due to the lack of deep and strategic knowledge. In this sense, the general objective was to determine the importance of justice operators to adequately know the prohibition error as an exoneration of guilt, through normative and doctrinal analysis, in order to benefit both the processed persons and the administration of justice in the criminal courts of the city of Ibarra. The research method was socio-legal, inductive and analytical, and the techniques applied were documentary and interview, with which it was possible to receive direct information from professionals with experience in the subject to be investigated. It was concluded that it is important to know this legal institution in depth, to analyze it from the point of view of criminal dogma and doctrine and not only from the normative that gives us a very simple definition. If professionals had this knowledge, it would avoid violating the rights of justice, legality and innocence of the person being prosecuted and would also help in their formulation and training as professionals.
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Keywords
Error de prohibición, Vencible, Invencible, Culpabilidad, Antijuridicidad