Browsing by Author "Davis Michael, Joseph Maks"

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    A manual suction toilet for sewage reduction
    (2020) Basantes Flores, Andrés Esteban; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Sáez Vaquero, José María; Basantes Flores, Andrés Esteban, Davis Michael, Joseph Maks y Sáez Vaquero, José María
    In Ecuador, 46.4% of households lack access to a sewerage system, where as a result much wastewater is discharged from sewerage into the environment untreated. This paper presents the results of a research project aimed at the development of prototypes that retrofit existing toilets into a manual suction ultra-low flush toilet. These prototypes use around one liter of water, and therefore the amount of sewage produced is substantially reduced. The strategy covered two areas. First, the prototype design is developed with the active participation from users using sociological study tools such as workshops, focus groups and interviews, which enabled to polish or re-define design aspects aimed at improving levels of end-user acceptance. Second, dissemination of results and designed products is implemented through web platforms to enable replicability, allowing potential participation from external collaborators. The main approach of this research is to act at a small scale (houses, departments, buildings) in order to amend the amount of metric tons of wastewater within a larger urban scale.
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    An electrifying change: the need to introduce electric vehicles in Ecuador, and its potential impact on the energy sector
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Private cars are turning electric, with a global increase of 50% between 2013 and 2014. Additionally, Ecuador stands to greatly benefit from a move away from fossil fuels to electric transport. Transport makes up 49% of the national annual energy demand, the fuel for which needs to be imported into the country and is then heavily subsidized. This paper sets out to quantify the potential electricity demand that would be generated from a mass conversion to electric vehicles. Wind and solar power are then compared with hydropower potential to meet this demand. It is found that wind and solar are competitive with hydropower, but where large areas of between 1.24% to 2.51% of the Ecuador’s total territory would be required. Finally, the need is recognized to drastically reduce the potential energy demand from electric cars, by decreasing the number of private vehicles on the road in favor for electric public transport systems.
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    Beyond green façades: active air-cooling vertical gardens
    (2019) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Ramírez Cevallos, René Francisco; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Purpose: Vertical gardens offer multiple benefits in urban environments, including passive cooling services. Previous research explored the use of “active vertical gardens” as potential evaporative air-cooling units by developing a mathematical model based on the FAO-56 Penman Monteith equation. Further research showed that active vertical gardens function best by creating an airflow in the cavity behind the garden such that air is cooled by flowing over the water-saturated garden substrate. The purpose of this paper is to improve the quantification of active vertical garden performance. Design/methodology/approach: A building-incorporated vertical garden was built in Quito, Ecuador, with an air inlet at the top of the garden, an air cavity behind the garden and where air was expelled from the base. Measurements were made of air temperature, humidity and velocity at the air inlet and outlet. Findings: The active vertical garden cooled the air by an average of 8.1 °C with an average cooling capacity of 682.8 W. Including the effects of pre-cooling at the garden inlet, the garden cooled the air by an average of 14.3 °C with an average cooling capacity of 1,203.2 W. Originality/value: The results are promising and support the potential for active vertical gardens to be incorporated into building services and climate control.
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    Beyond Petroleum: A Study of the Potential Impacts from the Introduction of Electric Cars In Ecuador
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Private cars are turning electric the world over. Additionally, Ecuador stands to benefit by moving away from fossil fuels to electric transport. Transport makes up 46% of the national annual energy demand, the fuel for which needs to be mostly imported into the country, and is then subsidized by the government (3.883 million USD representing 3.94% GDP in 2012). This paper sets out to quantify the potential electricity demand that would be generated from a mass conversion to electric cars, with a particular look at the country’s three main cities. Wind and solar power are then compared with the hydropower potential to meet this demand. It is found that wind and solar are competitive with hydropower, but where large spaces would be required. Additionally, decentralized solar photovoltaic power could meet the electricity demands created from electric cars in Quito for example, if under 30% of available roof space in the city could be harnessed to this effect. Further work is needed in looking at how best to balance intermittent renewable energies with a variable electric transport demand. Overall, electrified vehicles entail big changes in the energy sector, and where the need to reduce cars should not be forgotten.
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    Beyond petroleum: proposal to replace private vehicles with an efficient electric transport in Quito
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    This research addresses the issue between mobility and public space in the city of Quito, Ecuador, to determine if in Quito, it is feasible to switch the use of private vehicles into a more efficient electric form of transport? To answer the question, a case study was determined as a neuralgically example in the city, the Plaza Argentina. The research gathered data about the feasibility of such a change. To this extent, information was obtained on the transport preferences of users in the city (who currently prefer to use private cars) since public transport in Quito is unable to compete with private vehicles. Therefore, the research was expanded to encompass the quality of mobility and public space as cross-cutting issues for an integral transformation within the city. A transformation proposal was developed between citizens and academic students, which through interviews, surveys and focus groups, provided the basic ideas for redesigning the city's transport network related to the Plaza Argentina. The proposal consists of an intermodal transport network operating at several scales, which articulates the city and combines the advantages of private and public transportation. In terms of energy, this proposal contemplates the full operativity of the project as it includes the necessary data and calculation to ensure the performance and efficiency of a new transportation system.
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    Calidad de aire en el Centro Histórico de Quito
    (2019) Chuquer Sola, David Sebastián; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Ramírez Cevallos, René Francisco; Chuquer Sola, David Sebastián
    El presente estudio muestra el rendimiento de un prototipo de jardín vertical activo “CMMC” como unidad de enfriamiento y filtro para mejorar la calidad del aire interior y exterior. El comportamiento de jardines verticales fue analizado mediante tres casos de estudio. El jardín vertical activo CMMC enfrió el aire en un promedio de 8,1 °C con una capacidad de enfriamiento promedio de 682,8 W. Incluyendo los efectos del preenfriamiento en la entrada del jardín, el jardín enfrió el aire 14,3 °C en promedio, con una capacidad de enfriamiento promedio de 1.203,2 W. En el tercer caso, se monitoreó la calidad del aire en las cercanías y en sitios sin la influencia del jardín vertical, logrando una disminución de ozono (75%), dióxido de nitrógeno (44%) y partículas PM2,5 (79%) y PM10 (85%). Los resultados fueron concluyentes: el jardín activo CMMC presenta mejoras de calidad del aire superiores respecto a los jardines pasivos. El fenómeno de absorción de contaminantes marca una propuesta para la mejora de la calidad del aire en zonas críticas de contaminación en el Centro Histórico de Quito.
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    Case study comparisons of the ecological footprint on social housing after earthquake
    (2019) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Villacís Tapia, Enrique Vinicio; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    This research seeks to distinguish which factors influence the ecological footprint and what types of construction have the least environmental impact in a post-disaster social housing building. The first case study is a government social housing design, built with bamboo and concrete masonry blocks, and another design by Ensusitio, a private practice approach to social housing built with bamboo and earth. These houses were granted to victims of the April 2016 earthquake in the Ecuadorian coastal region. The investigation process was carried out based on primary research, which was used to understand how Ensusitio carried out the construction process of Meche's house and also based on a secondary investigation of government social housing. With this information, a comparison is made between them to determine which of the two has the least ecological footprint.
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    Ciudades y complejidad: reflexiones para leer (y gobernar) las áreas urbanas
    (2019) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Cecchin, A. y Maks, M.
    Los diseñadores y planificadores urbanos —en general todos los que están a cargo de la gestión y organización de los asentamientos humanos— son conscientes de que las áreas urbanas en este momento histórico están jugando un rol clave para responder a los retos que el nuevo milenio nos pone en frente. No es coincidencia que las Naciones Unidas, en el marco de las acciones estratégicas para garantizar un desarrollo sostenible para toda la humanidad, identificara la construcción de ciudades “inclusivas, seguras, resilientes y sostenibles” como uno de los 17 objetivos prioritarios en los cuales los gobiernos nacionales y locales deberían enfocarse (Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU), 2016). Entre los múltiples desafíos que presionan a los sistemas urbanos, queremos poner particular atención sobre tres temas: la contaminación ambiental y sus consecuencias; el reto de construir asentamientos humanos que sean ante de todo comunidades; y el impacto de la revolución tecnológica que está cambiando nuestra sociedad y, por lo tanto, también las ciudades. Hoy, el primer factor es probablemente el más debatido cuando se habla de desarrollo sostenible, dado que el mundo se está calentando a causa de grandes emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de una manera sin precedentes en la historia del planeta. Esta contaminación masiva se debe a los impactos de las actividades relacionadas con la presencia del Homo sapiens y de manera particular a las emisiones debidas a los procesos de industrialización a partir del último siglo. Estas actividades de origen antrópico también generan un consumo elevado de recursos naturales, cuya demanda proviene predominantemente de las zonas urbanas. De acuerdo con el último reporte del Panel Internacional sobre el Cambio Climático (International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2014), entre el período de 1880 y 2012, la temperatura promedio (tierra y océanos) subió de 0,6 a 1,06 °C (un incremento de 0,85 °C). Este cambio en la temperatura de la Tierra se ha acelerado significativamente desde los años ochenta, y existe un vasto consenso en la comunidad científica internacional al identificar que este fenómeno ha sido producido por las actividades del ser humano, principalmente en los países industrializados. De hecho, se ha logrado dimensionar esta variación y se ha establecido que el ratio de cambio es muy superior al ratio con el cual los sistemas naturales normalmente evolucionan (es decir, a través de procesos que demoran milenios).
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    Diseño de participación comunitaria para proyectos de energía fotovoltaica
    (2020) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Este estudio se desarrolló en Llano Chico, una parroquia periurbana perteneciente al Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, en Ecuador. Se eligió la energía fotovoltaica debido a la cercanía del lugar con la línea ecuatorial y sus condiciones solares óptimas. El objetivo fue desarrollar una metodología relacionada a la participación comunitaria, para determinar la configuración espacial de un posible proyecto fotovoltaico. La participación de la comunidad fue clave. Los métodos de investigación cualitativos se basaron en: observación, bola de nieve, entrevistas semiestructuradas y un taller participativo. Los resultados respaldan la oportunidad de producir energía fotovoltaica comunitaria para la instalación de alumbrado público en áreas residenciales inseguras y sin base legal, mediante la intervención de las empresas públicas que no pueden operar dada la informalidad de los terrenos. Las estrategias de participación comunitaria promovidas desde la academia pueden descubrir oportunidades contundentes que fomenten el desarrollo en una comunidad.
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    End-of-life product management as a resilience driver for developing countries: A policy experiment for used tires in Ecuador
    (2019-04) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Over the last decades, a number of new environmental policies have been designed to improve waste management. Among them, extended producer responsibility (EPR) has introduced a mechanism to shift the environmental and financial burden of end-of-life products from public management to producers. Recently, EPR has been adopted by a growing number of developing countries, but this policy often struggles in being effectively implemented in such contexts, missing the opportunity of using waste management as a sustainability driver. By discussing the EPR for end-of-life tires (ELTs) in Ecuador, this paper proposes a different approach in designing and implementing EPR schemes in developing countries: it recommends consideration of social sustainability, rather than merely copying foreign management frameworks. To address this point, two case studies on socially directed ELT applications were designed and carried out. The case studies aimed at improving resilience of vulnerable populations to natural disasters by increasing the resistance of housing and settlements against catastrophic events using civil engineering applications. The analysis of the case studies’ outcomes brings to light possible policy adjustments, in which social sustainability goals are taken into account within the national EPR scheme. The Ecuadorian case also highlights the benefit of employing an adaptive governance approach when dealing with challenging urban management topics, such as informality (a widespread phenomenon in developing countries) and resilience.
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    How can we stop the sewage?
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    The strength and ductility of high strength concrete columns improve with the addition of steel fiber. This paper reports the behavior of circular High Strength Concrete (HSC) columns reinforced with Hybrid Steel Fibers (HSF) under different loading conditions. In this study, HSF consisted of a combination of macro steel fibers and micro steel fibers. A total of eight circular specimens of 205 mm diameter and 800 mm height were cast and tested. All specimens were reinforced with same amount of steel reinforcements. The specimens were divided into two groups of four specimens. Group RC (reference group) contained no steel fibers. Group HSF (hybrid steel fibers) contained 2.5% by volume of HSF. From each group one specimen was tested under concentric loading, one under 25 mm eccentric loading, one under 50 mm eccentric loading, and one under four-point loading. The results showed that the specimens reinforced with HSF achieved higher strength and ductility compared to RC specimens under different loading conditions. It was also observed that the presence of HSF delayed the spalling of the concrete cover.
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    Influence of vertical gardens on the air quality of a City Historic Center
    (2020-08) Chuquer Sola, David Sebastián; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Ramírez Cevallos, René Francisco; Chuquer Sola, David Sebastián
    Quito is an Andean city with 2.7 million inhabitants that regularly exceeds the WHO air quality guidelines for O 3 , SO 2 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 . Within the historic center in an area of 920.000 m ² , only 4% is green space. However, 14.000 m ² of vertical walls exist that could potentially host vertical gardens. The present study evaluates the ability of four vertical gardens to improve air quality and quantifies the area of viable spaces to host vertical gardens in the Historic Center. The air quality was monitored with continuous measuring systems near each vertical garden and in areas outside the area of influence. The capacity for retention of gaseous emissions from an internal combustion engine in an active garden was also evaluated. The results were a mixture of advantages and uncovering possible myths: a) the presence of vertical gardens causes a significant decrease in O 3 (up to 99%), NO 2 (up to 80%), SO 2 (up to 83%), PM 2.5 (up to 79%) and PM 10 (up to 85%); b) however, a poor choice of plant species in vertical gardens may increase the formation of O 3 ; and c) in the case of exposing an active vertical garden to emissions injected directly into the garden by a combustion engine, the particle size distribution influences its removal, being more efficient with a size greater than 4 μm but not effective for smaller diameters.
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    Más allá del petróleo: Quito y el desarrollo orientado al tránsito
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Este libro es una compilación de los estudios de caso presentados en el eje temático “Ciudad y transformaciones urbano-rurales” del XVII Encuentro de Geógrafos de América Latina (EGAL) , que se realizó en Quito – Ecuador entre el 09 y 12 de abril del 2019. La temática planteada para el congreso fue “Hacia geografías de la integración y la diversidad” fue organizado por la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y la Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE). Este Encuentro se realiza de manera bianual hace más de 30 años, con el objetivo de promover el intercambio de la producción geográfica contemporánea entre investigadores, estudiantes y profesionales de América Latina. La temática del eje “ciudades y transformaciones urbano – rurales” analizó los procesos de metropolización y urbanización planetaria; el crecimiento de ciudades intermedias y su relación con asentamientos rurales; espacios híbridos y periurbanos. Se puso especial interés en el análisis de centralidades y redes de sistemas urbanos; en la segregación y fragmentación socio-espacial urbana y periurbana, el análisis las políticas públicas en relación con la producción social y ambiental del hábitat urbano y la disputas por espacios públicos. El libro contiene un total de nueve artículos: tres de Argentina, dos de Brasil, uno de Colombia, uno de Perú y dos de Ecuador. Se encuentran organizados por cuatro ejes, la primera que enlaza la reflexión sobre segregación urbana y el estudio de las regiones metropolitanas, el segundo eje se enmarca en la apropiación y transformación del territorio de rural a urbano. El tercero debate la verticalización de la ciudad y, para finalizar, en el cuarto se analiza las dinámicas urbanas que intervienen en el cambio de uso y tenencia del suelo.
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    Más allá del petróleo: una mirada al impacto de los autos eléctricos en las tres principales ciudades del Ecuador
    (2017-05-11) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    El propósito de este trabajo es estudiar el impacto del cambio de vehículos privados en las tres principales ciudades de Ecuador, y evaluar si la demanda de electricidad creada podría ser satisfecha por energías renovables ubicadas dentro de los límites de la ciudad. El trabajo estudia las tres principales ciudades del Ecuador: Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca. Se encontró que en teoría y en el caso extremo, si hubiese un cambio repentino donde todos los autos y VUDs de Quito serían reemplazados por vehículos eléctricos, se crearía una demanda de electricidad que podría satisfacerse a través la energía solar fotovoltaica dentro los límites de la ciudad. Esto estaría en línea con la teoría del metabolismo urbano. Sin embargo, no sería factible, hacer esto a través de la energía eólica. En general, se reconoció que en la realidad habría una transición más lenta hacia el uso de vehículos eléctricos, que resolvería parcialmente la demanda de combustibles fósiles del sector de transporte, con poco impacto en la problemática de congestión y la demanda de espacio. Como tal, los sistemas de transporte colectivo y de transporte multimodal tienen un importante papel que desempeñar en este contexto para la siguiente etapa de la investigación.
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    More than just a Green Facade: the sound absorption properties of a vertical garden with and without plants
    (2017-05) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    Up to 44% of EU residents are exposed to noise levels that are detrimental to health. In this context, vertical gardens could play an important role in architectural acoustics, where the main absorber material is the substrate soil. Plants have a beneficial effect for higher frequencies when planted in a large density. In this paper a vertical garden design developed at the Pontificia Universidad Católica of Ecuador (PUCE) was tested for interior acoustic design. The modules solely with substrate and planted with ferns were tested. The objective was to ascertain and explain the random incidence sound absorption coefficient of vertical garden modules. 50 modules making up a total floor area of 10.125 m2 were used for the measurements. Six different configurations were measured: connected versus dispersed and directly on the floor versus with an air cavity of 5 and 10 cm. Furthermore, each configuration was tested with modules solely filled with substrate and with substrate filled modules with densely planted ferns. The weighted random incidence sound absorption coefficient of the modules densely planted with ferns equals 1.00. This applied to all different configurations tested. The sound absorption coefficient in the lower frequencies (100–315 Hz), mid frequencies (400–1250 Hz) and high frequencies (1600–5000 Hz) was 0.59–0.80, 1.00 and 1.00 respectively. This makes this type of building technology highly suitable for applications where sound needs to be attenuated, paving the way for applying vertical garden systems as a design tool for improving the acoustics of indoor spaces or urban squares.
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    More than just a Green Façade: vertical gardens as active air conditioning units
    (2016) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Ramírez Cevallos, René Francisco; Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    This paper explores the potential of a vertical garden to function as an active evaporative cooling air conditioning unit. It builds on previous work by Davis, Ramirez and Vallejo. This study shows the results of a full scale, building incorporated vertical garden that measured 1.5 m wide by 2.8 m high. Air flowed behind the garden substrate, where it was cooled and humidified as it flowed down the back of the garden through its contact with the humid surface. The experimental results were compared to the mathematical model developed by Davis and Hirmer. Overall, it was suspected that variations in ambient temperatures during the measurements taking process had a major influence on the results. In taking the data considered most reliable into account however, the results of the mathematical model end experimental data were within 0.44 °C. The results indicate that such gardens show great promise for building climate control, but where further research is needed in order to mitigate the influence of fluctuations in ambient temperatures.
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    More than just a green facade: vertical gardens for sound absorption and architectural acoustics
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Ramírez Cevallos, René Francisco
    Noise can become uncomfortable for us in many situations both indoors and outdoors. External noise consists of activities (airplanes flying overhead, traffic on the road, etc.) that are either loud enough to be considered uncomfortable when outdoors, or are of an elevated volume to the extent that they infiltrate buildings at levels considered uncomfortable. In the case of internal uncomfortable noise, this can either stem from noisy activities that occur inside the building (people speaking loudly, printers, etc.), or when an unexpected sound suddenly permeates an area that has a very low level of background noise. The most common manner by which to mitigate excess noise is through the use of certain materials, which either insulate against noise passing through the material, or absorb the noise wavelengths. In the case of the latter, vertical gardens present themselves as not only an aesthetic element in architecture, but also as a potential acoustic control tool in building design. For this work 10 m 2 of vertical garden substrate modules was tested in a full size reverberation chamber. The objective was to open the doors for vertical gardens to be used in architectural acoustic design.
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    Performance evaluation of an electric vehiclein real operating conditions of Quito, Ecuador
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    The purpose of this paper is show a novel methodology to implementreal condition tests for electric vehicles and to assess the performance of electricvehicles in reality in Quito, to compare this to the results from the manufacturer’sstandardized tests. Electric vehicles are of particular interest for Ecuador, givenits reliance on the importation of refined fossil fuels to satisfy the energy demandsfrom the transport sector. This study assesses the performance, energy con-sumption, reliability, versatility and running cost of a BYD e6 Electric Vehicle(EV) and the associated Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) in thespecific geographic region of Quito, Ecuador. The test driving cycle was per-formed at different elevations ranging from 1900 to 2850 meters above sea level(m.a.s.l.). All the results were analyzed and compared with respect to the per-formance of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles.The total energy needed to fully charge a battery was calculated to be 62.3 kWh,which allowed the vehicle to travel a total distance of 225 km. Overall, therunning costs for the e6 under regular use were found to be approximately 50%less than those of conventional internal combustion engine cars.
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    La planificación urbana en la era de la complejidad : reflexiones para construir ciudades sostenibles, inclusivas e innovadoras
    (Editorial PUCE, 2019) Davis Michael, Joseph Maks; Jácome Polit, Carlos David
    Esta publicación nace como reflexión colectiva sobre los temas de la planificación territorial en relación con el reto de la complejidad, y la necesidad de desarrollar una visión interdisciplinaria en el análisis de las dinámicas urbanas. El estudio pretende recoger y desarrollar unas ideas y conceptos acerca de los temas mencionados para explorar las interacciones complejas entre los elementos fundantes de la ciudad: medio ambiente, comunidades, infraestructuras y sistemas tecnológicos. Se quiere poner en evidencia un enfoque interdisciplinar y la integración de herramientas conceptuales elaboradas en diferentes campos técnicos y científicos (urbanismo, ingeniería, ecología, ciencias políticas, sociología y ciencias de la computación) pueden proporcionar una nueva y más profunda capacidad de análisis en los actores responsables del planeamiento, gestión y desarrollo de la ciudad. El estudio de la complejidad urbana es un tema relativamente nuevo y necesita una visión un tanto analítica como holística para ser abordado con éxito: para afrontar este desafío, es fundamental una estrecha colaboración entre el mundo académico, que debe diseñar e implementar nuevas herramientas conceptuales y operativas y los tomadores de decisiones (en ámbito político y técnico), que deben aplicar estos conceptos en las ciudades, también a través de iniciativas experimentales que logren aprovechas de las oportunidades que la complejidad urbana nos ofrece: en este sentido, la publicación quiere contribuir en ambas áreas involucradas en este reto, compartiendo las reflexiones de un grupo internacional de investigadores y profesionales con experiencia en el campo de la planificación y gestión urbana sostenible e inclusiva.
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    Site Selection and Performance Analysis of PV Plants in the Coast of Ecuador
    Davis Michael, Joseph Maks
    In Ecuador currently 46% of the electricity is produced from renewable sources, out of this 93% is produced from hydropower. The high dependency on a single source has made the Ecuadorian electricity sector fragile, and the government is looking to diversify the matrix by promoting alternative renewable energies. Thanks to its location, Ecuador has a high solar potential and benefits from a constant 12 hours of daylight throughout the year making it an ideal candidate for PV power plants. In this study, an analysis of the feasibility of a solar power plant in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Manabí in the coastal region of the country is performed.